THIS time last year Cornwall watched on as one of the most violent storms in recent memory battered the coast, leaving behind it a trail of devastation.
The wind, rain and waves washes away buildings, flooded homes and toppled cliffs and caused millions of pounds' worth of damage to coastal communities and flood defences.
In the days and weeks that followed, as the region began its drawn-out journey to recovery, residents were left to wonder when they would have to face such devastation again.
But with the winter of 2014-15 bringing much milder conditions, until this week, opinion is divided about whether last year's extreme weather was a one-off "freak event" or a warning of things to come.
The South West had already borne the brunt of several severe storms by the time Hercules arrived at its shores from across the Atlantic.
These had brought ferocious winds and up to 150% more rainfall to the region. In the first week of January alone, one area of Devon saw 122.8mm of rain – just short of the county's monthly average of 135.8mm.
With the next storm came even more rain, along with towering waves. These battered towns and ports and demolished landmarks, including the small stone "monkey hut" at Portreath Harbour in West Cornwall.
Martin King, chairman of the village's harbour association, said residents were "devastated" when they realised what had happened to the iconic building.
"The monkey hut is the one thing that everyone associates with Portreath Harbour," he said.
"As well as the hut going, part of the harbour wall collapsed.
"Everyone was shocked and scared and worried about their property. No one in the village had ever seen destruction like that before.
"Pieces of masonry weighing tonnes were just being thrown about."
Although the historic shelter has now been restored, Mr King said the village continued to feel the after-affects of last winter.
"This year we've taken some extra measures at the harbour; we've had to rethink what we do.
"Living here we are used to storms, but we are relieved that we haven't had to deal with anything like it this year.
"The main thing is we have recovered and Cornwall Council has repaired our harbour, which is definitely stronger now.
"You just have to respond to these things so that next time round you are more prepared."
Mr Martin maintained that last year's unusual weather was no more than a "one-off freakish event". But Mary Neale, who runs the Penlan bed and breakfast at Porthcothan Bay further along the North coast, said she believed the region could expect more extreme conditions in the future.
"So far this winter the weather has been relatively benign, but to assume storms of that intensity are a thing of the past is a mistake," she said.
"If meteorologists are to be believed, climate change will bring more weather like this."
The morning after the storm hit, villagers in Porthcothan woke in disbelief to find the huge rock arch for which the bay was well-known had been completely washed away overnight.
"When stories spread about a rock fall on the beach, no one had any idea it would be the arch," explained Mrs Neale.
"When I saw what had happened, I was amazed. You can't imagine the force of the water that brought that formation down.
"The storms were exciting for us really," she added. "As a photographer it's interesting to document – as long as you operate with a good degree of common sense."
Waves also swept away the balcony of a popular beach-side restaurant at Trevaunance Cove, near St Agnes, and laid waste to the usually pristine beach huts at Porthmeor in St Ives.
A number of popular beaches were rendered unrecognisable as millions of tonnes of sand were shifted around the coast. And staff at Gweek Seal Sanctuary were overwhelmed with calls about injured pups that had been washed up on the shore.
Peter Scott, head of climate monitoring at the Met Office, said the number of storms that developed last winter was "very unusual". However, he warned that it was unlikely to be an isolated event.
He said: "Based on our UK climate projections, we are expecting to see wetter winters and drier summers.
"How this develops all depends on what happens with emissions, but if we take the medium emissions projections we could expect about a 20% increase in rainfall.
"In terms of really heavy rainfall, a warmer atmosphere holds more moisture, so we expect these to become more frequent.
"And while it is difficult to predict the future frequency of storms, there is evidence that in a more energetic climate system there is an increase in severe weather events."
He added that these were all issues that would need to be factored into long-term planning decisions.
"Last winter really highlighted the South West's vulnerability to this kind of weather," he said.
"We need to take on board the science and look at the risks and try and make ourselves less vulnerable."
Winter storm 2013-14 factfile
Four weather warnings were issues for Devon and Cornwall in the first week of 2014 – on January 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Staff at Gweek Seal Sanctuary took in 12 seals between Christmas and January 7.
Perran Sands on the NorthCornish coast saw some of the biggest shifts in sands as a result of storms in January and February, losing 214 units of sand and gravel per cubic metre.
The shore around Hayle in West Cornwall gained the most sand – just over 52 units per cubic metre.
Storm Hercules reached the UK on January 6. It was described by the Natural Environment Research Council as a "one in five year to one in 10 year weather event".
At the peak of the storm, waves around the South West coast were estimated to have reached heights of up to 30ft.
![One year on Cornwall stops to remember devastating storm Hercules One year on Cornwall stops to remember devastating storm Hercules]()